Elements Group 15, Nitrogen family, pentels, pnictogens
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A pnictogen is one of the chemical elements in group 15 of the periodic table. This group is also known as the nitrogen family. It consists of the elements nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), and perhaps the chemically uncharacterized synthetic element moscovium (Mc).

In the field of semiconductor physics, it is still usually called Group V. The "five" ("V") in the historical names comes from the "pentavalency" of nitrogen, reflected by the stoichiometry of compounds such as N2₂O₅. They have also been called the pentels.

This group has the defining characteristic that all the component elements have 5 electrons in their outermost shell, that is 2 electrons in the s subshell and 3 unpaired electrons in the p subshell. They are therefore 3 electrons short of filling their outermost electron shell in their non-ionized state.

The most important elements of this group are nitrogen (N), which in its diatomic form is the principal component of air, and phosphorus (P), which, like nitrogen, is essential to all known forms of life.


G 15
7
N
15
P
33
As
51
Sb
83
Bi
115
Mc
  
Nitrogen N N₂
  colorless diatomic gas, 80% of air
  atomic numb 7
  atomic mass 14.007
  electron shell 2,5
  melt point –210.0°C
  boil point −195.795°C
  Heat of fusion (N₂) 0.72 kJ/mol
  Heat of vaporization (N₂) 5.56 kJ/mol
  Molar heat capacity (N₂) 29.124 J/(mol·K)
  Stable isotopes 14,15

Phosphorus P
  highly reactive soft and waxy solid
  atomic numb 15
  atomic mass 30.97
  electron shell 2,8,5
  Density white: 1.823 g/cm³
    red: 2.2–2.34 g/cm³
    violet: 2.36 g/cm³
    black: 2.69 g/cm³
  White Phosphorus:
    Heat of fusion: 0.66 kJ/mol
    Heat of vaporisation: 51.9 kJ/mol
    heat capacity: 23.824 J/(mol·K)
  Stable isotopes 31 only
  Allotropes: white red violet black

Arsenic As
  metalloid, many allotropes
  atomic numb 33
  atomic mass 74.92
  electron shell 2,8,18,5
  density 5.727 g/cm³
    liquid 5.22 g/cm³
  Heat of fusion, grey: 24.44 kJ/mol
  Heat of vaporization: 34.76 kJ/mol
  heat capacity: 24.64 J/(mol·K)
  Stable isotopes 75
  allotropes are metallic gray, yellow, 
    and black arsenic

  
Antimony Sb
  lustrous gray metalloid
  atomic numb 51
  atomic mass 121.760
  electron shell 2,8,18,18,5
  melt point 630.63°C
  boil point 1635°C
  density 6.697 g/cm³
    liquid 6.53 g/cm³
  Heat of fusion: 19.79 kJ/mol
  Heat of vaporization: 193.43 kJ/mol
  heat capacity: 25.23 J/(mol·K)
  Stable isotopes 121,123

Bismuth Bi 83 209.0 2,8,18,32,18,5

Moscovium Mc 115 290 2,8,18,32,32,18,5

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